Red algae bloom9/6/2023 Therefore, scholars have developed inorganic or organic reagents, such as polyaluminum chloride (PAC), Aluminum sulfate, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA), and ferrate, to modifyclay, which greatly improved the removal efficiency of microalgae ( Sengco et al., 2005 Cao et al., 2006 Liu et al., 2016 Yu et al., 2017 Alshahri et al., 2021). However, due to the disadvantages of poor sol properties and low removal efficiency of clay minerals, in practical applications, due to the large amount of clay, the amount of sludge is high ( Na et al., 1996). Multinational scholars from China ( Cao et al., 2006 Liu et al., 2016 Yu et al., 2017 Wu et al., 2020), Japan ( Shirota, 1989), South Korea ( Na et al., 1996 Seger et al., 2017), the United States ( Sengco and Anderson, 2004 Sengco et al., 2005), Saudi Arabia ( Alshahri et al., 2021) and other countries have promoted the development of this method. Currently, utilizing clay minerals to control and inhibit red tide is a common measure. Therefore, the effective prevention and emergency control of red tide has become a hotspot. Red tide is mainly caused by the proliferation of microalgae and other organisms within a short period of time, which can inhibit marine organisms, endanger ecosystems and compromise human security ( Anderson, 2009 Lee et al., 2013 NOAA, 2016). This study will provide support for the development of organic-modified clay. In addition to discussing the removal mechanism of two modified clays on microalgae, schematic diagrams of the pathways were drafted. The results showed that the low degree of oxidative stress and less damage to the cell membrane make MP more environmentally friendly, PDMDAAC can remove microalgae at a low dose (2 mg/L) and quickly clarify the water by significantly enhancing the flocculation capacity of clay. Not only the physiological stress and flocculation effects of two modified clays on microalgae had been discussed, but also the properties of the modified clays had been characterized in this study. In this study, the typical red tide alga- Prorocentrum donghaiense was selected to detect the removal capacity of Polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDMDAAC) modified clay (MP) by comparing with the Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA) modified clay (MH). Therefore, it has become urgent to select organic-modified reagents with higher efficiency, weaker toxicity and lower residual turbidity. However, it has some disadvantages such as severe toxicity and high residual turbidity, leading to several limitations in its practical application. Among them, the application potential of organic-modified clay is high unlike inorganic and microbial modifications, it has a broad-spectrum removal capacity on red tide algae at extremely low dosages. Red tide is a kind of marine disaster caused by the accumulation or proliferation of microalgae and other organisms in a short period of time, and utilizing modified clay to control and inhibit red tide is the preferred method. 4Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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